Laser cutting of display glass compositions

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a laser cutting technology for cutting and separating thin substrates of transparent materials, for example to cutting of display glass compositions mainly used for production of Thin Film Transistors (TFT) devices. The described laser process can be used to make straight cuts, for example at a speed of &gt;1 m/sec, to cut sharp radii outer corners (&lt;1 mm), and to create arbitrary curved shapes including forming interior holes and slots. A method of laser processing an alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate glass composite workpiece includes focusing a pulsed laser beam into a focal line. The focal line is directed into the glass composite workpiece, generating induced absorption within the material. The workpiece and the laser beam are translated relative to each other to form a plurality of defect lines along a contour, with adjacent defect lines have a spacing of 0.1-20 microns.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/529,520 filed on Oct. 31, 2014, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/917,208, filed on Dec. 17, 2013, 62/023,471, filed on Jul. 11, 2014, 61/917,213, filed on Dec. 17, 2013, and 62/022,885, filed on Jul. 10, 2014. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 is hereby claimed.

BACKGROUND

The area of laser processing of materials encompasses a wide variety of applications that involve cutting, drilling, milling, welding, melting, etc. and different types of materials. Among these applications, one that is of particular interest is cutting or separating different types of substrates, for example on a process to separate thin film transistor (TFT) glass compositions.

From process development and cost perspectives there are many opportunities for improvement in cutting and separation of glass substrates. It is of great interest to have a faster, cleaner, cheaper, more repeatable and more reliable method of glass separation than what is currently practiced in the market today. Among several alternative technologies, laser separation has been tried and demonstrated using different approaches. The techniques range from: 1) actual removal of material between the boundaries of the desired part (or parts) and its matrix; 2) creation of defects within the bulk of the material to weaken or seed it with cracking initiation points along the perimeter of the desired profile followed by a secondary breaking step; 3) propagation of an initial crack by thermal stress separation. These laser cutting processes have demonstrated the potential economic and technical advantages such as precision, good edge finish, and low residual stress compared to competing technologies (mechanical scribing and breaking, high pressure water jet and ultrasonic milling, etc.).

SUMMARY

The present application describes a laser cutting technology for cutting and separating thin substrates of transparent materials, and more specifically cutting of display glass compositions mainly used for production of Thin Film Transistors (TFT) devices. The described laser process can be used to make straight cuts at up to >1 m/sec, to cut sharp radii outer corners (<1 mm), and to create arbitrary curved shapes including forming interior holes and slots.

The present application also describes methods of cutting the glasses and then subsequently processing the parts with a variety of methods to raise both the edge strength and the edge impact strength of the cut glass part to levels much higher than can be achieved with the cutting process alone. The methods described herein can also cut stacks of these glasses in a single pass, improving process time and machine utilization.

In one embodiment, a method of laser processing an alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate glass composite workpiece includes focusing a pulsed laser beam into a laser beam focal line oriented along the beam propagation direction. The laser beam focal line is also directed into the glass composite workpiece, the laser beam focal line generating an induced absorption within the material, and the induced absorption producing a defect line or a damage track along the laser beam focal line within the workpiece. The method also includes translating the workpiece and the laser beam relative to each other along a contour, thereby laser forming a plurality of defect lines along the contour within the workpiece, wherein a periodicity between adjacent defect lines is between 0.1 micron and 20 microns. Other embodiments include glass articles prepared by this method.

Laser forming the plurality of defect lines along the contour within the workpiece can facilitate separating the workpiece along a surface defined by the contour to form a separated surface. The induced absorption can produce an Ra surface roughness of the cut and separated edge of less than or equal to about 0.5 micron. The induced absorption can also produce particles on the separated surface with an average diameter of less than 3 microns.

The developed laser method can be tailored for manual or mechanical separation of the parts from the panel or full laser separation by thermal stressing the desired profile. The method involves the utilization of an ultra-short pulse laser and can be followed by a CO₂ laser to create thermal stress, sometimes coupled with high pressure air flow, for fully automated separation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of example embodiments, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the exemplary embodiments.

FIGS. 1A-1C are illustrations of a fault line (or perforated line) with equally spaced defect lines or damage tracks of modified glass.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are illustrations of positioning of the laser beam focal line, i.e., the processing of a material transparent for the laser wavelength due to the induced absorption along the focal line.

FIG. 3A is an illustration of an optical assembly for laser processing according to one embodiment.

FIG. 3B-1 through 3B-4 are illustrations of various ways to process the substrate by differently positioning the laser beam focal line relative to the substrate.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of a second embodiment of an optical assembly for laser processing.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are illustrations of a third embodiment of an optical assembly for laser processing.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a fourth embodiment of an optical assembly for laser processing.

FIGS. 7A-7C i illustrate different laser beam approaches for laser processing of materials. FIG. 7A illustrates an unfocused laser beam, FIG. 7B illustrates a condensed laser beam with a spherical lens, and FIG. 7C illustrates a condensed laser beam with an axicon or diffractive Fresnel lens.

FIG. 8A illustrates schematically the relative intensity of laser pulses within an exemplary pulse burst vs. time, with each exemplary pulse burst having 3 pulses.

FIG. 8B illustrates schematically relative intensity of laser pulses vs. time within an exemplary pulse burst, with each exemplary pulse burst containing 5 pulses.

FIG. 8C illustrates cut edge images of a straight cut strips of 0.024 mm and 0.134 mm thick, thin film transistor (TFT) glass.

FIG. 9 is an edge image of a straight cut strip of 0.600 mm thick Eagle XG® glass.

FIG. 10 illustrates Atomic Ionization Energies.

FIG. 11 illustrates an existing glass cutting approach for a continuous fusion glass manufacturing process using mechanical or CO₂ laser scoring.

FIG. 12A illustrates a method of laser-based cutting of glass on the glass draw, in which glass plates or sheets are separated from the draw using a horizontal laser cut.

FIG. 12B illustrates a method of laser-based cutting of glass on the glass draw, in which a laser is used to cut through the areas of the glass sheet and remove a quality section of glass from the draw.

FIG. 13 illustrates laser-based cutting of glass on the draw by cutting beads high in the draw and horizontally cutting the sheet lower in the draw.

FIG. 14 illustrates laser-based cutting of glass on the draw by cutting horizontally to remove the glass from the draw, followed by separate vertical cuts to remove glass edge beads.

FIG. 15 illustrates use laser-based cutting of glass away from the draw to remove trim or waste glass from the sheet.

FIG. 16 illustrates laser-based process of cutting on the draw using a multi-stage furnace hold the glass sheet at a temperature close to its annealing point.

FIG. 17 illustrates a multistage furnace configured to impart a prescribed temperature cooling profile to a glass sheet that is cut on the draw.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A description of example embodiments follows.

The present application provides a process for precision cutting and separation of glass compositions, such as for example, alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate glass composition glasses, for example TFT (thin film transistor) glass compositions such as Eagle XG®, Corning Lotus™, etc., to what would constitute the finished part out of a substrate of glass. The alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate glass compositions can be formulated to be suitable to act as substrates for application of electronic devices such as thin film transistors. This means the alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate glass composition glass compositions often have coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) similar to that of silicon (not more than 5 ppm/C.°, preferably less than 4 ppm/C.°, for example approximately 3 ppm/C.°, or 2.5-3.5)ppm/C.°, and have low levels of alkali within the glass. Low levels of alkali or trace amounts (i.e., 0 to 2%, preferably <1 wt %, for example <0.5 wt %,) are preferred for the glasses that are used in TFT applications, because alkali dopants, under some conditions, can leach out of glass and contaminate silicon processes, and that is undesirable. The laser cutting process separates glass parts in a controllable fashion with negligible debris and minimum defects and low subsurface damage to the edges, preserving part strength. The laser method developed is well suited for materials that are transparent to the selected laser wavelength. This wavelength may be, for example, 1064, 532, 355 or 266 nanometers. The workpiece or TFT glass composition should preferably be substantially transparent to the selected laser wavelength (i.e., absorption less than about 10%, and preferably less than about 1% per mm of material depth). Demonstrations of the method have been made using Eagle XG® compositions in thicknesses ranging from 0.025 mm to 0.7 mm. Note that the chamfering methods (described in the U.S. Patent Application 61/917,213, filed Dec. 17, 2013, which is incorporated by reference herein) may be applied to Corning Eagle XG® glass after the glass has been separated or cut out from the larger sheet by the methods described herein.

The process fundamental step described below is to create a vertical fault line that delineates the desired shape and establishes a path of least resistance for crack propagation and hence separation and detachment of the shape from its substrate matrix. The laser separation method can be tuned and configured to enable manual or mechanical separation, partial separation or total separation of glass shapes out of the original substrate.

In the first step the object to be processed is irradiated with an ultra-short pulsed (pulse width less than 100 psec) laser beam (at wavelengths at or below 1064 nm) that is condensed into a high aspect ratio line focus that penetrates through the thickness of the substrate. Within this volume of high energy density the material is modified via nonlinear effects. It is important to note that without this high optical intensity, nonlinear absorption is not triggered. Below this intensity threshold, the material is transparent to the laser radiation and remains in its original state. By scanning the laser over a desired line or path we create a narrow defect line or contour or path (a few microns wide) and define the perimeter or shape to be separated in the next step.

The laser source can create multi-photon absorption (MPA) in substantially transparent materials such as glass composite workpieces. MPA is the simultaneous absorption of two or more photons of identical or different frequencies in order to excite a molecule from one state (usually the ground state) to a higher energy electronic state (ionization). The energy difference between the involved lower and upper states of the molecule is equal to the sum of the energies of the two photons. MPA, also called induced absorption, can be a second-order or third-order process (or higher order), for example, that is several orders of magnitude weaker than linear absorption. It differs from linear absorption in that the strength of second-order induced absorption can be proportional to the square of the light intensity, for example, and thus it is a nonlinear optical process.

Once the line or contour with vertical defects or perforations is created, separation can occur via: 1) manual or mechanical stress on or around the perforated fault line; the stress or pressure should create tension that pulls both sides of the perforated fault line apart and break the areas that are still bonded together; 2) using a heat source, create a stress zone around the fault line to put the vertical defect or perforated fault line in tension, inducing partial or total separation In both cases, separation depends on several of the process parameters, such as laser scan speed, laser power, parameters of lenses, pulse width, repetition rate, etc.

This laser cutting process makes use of an ultra-short pulse laser in combination with optics that generates a focal line to fully perforate the body of a range of glass compositions. In some embodiments, the pulse duration of the individual pulses is in a range of between greater than about 1 picoseconds and less than about 100 picoseconds, such as greater than about 5 picoseconds and less than about 20 picoseconds, and the repetition rate of the individual pulses can be in a range of between about 1 kHz and 4 MHz, such as in a range of between about 10 kHz and 650 kHz.

In addition to a single pulse operation at the aforementioned individual pulse repetition rates, the pulses can be produced in bursts of two pulses, or more (such as, for example, 3 pulses, 4, pulses, 5 pulses, 10 pulses, 15 pulses, 20 pulses, or more) separated by a duration between the individual pulses within the burst that is in a range of between about 1 nsec and about 50 nsec, for example, 10 to 30 nsec, such as about 20 nsec, and the burst repetition frequency can be in a range of between about 1 kHz and about 200 kHz. (Bursting or producing pulse bursts is a type of laser operation where the emission of pulses is not in a uniform and steady stream but rather in tight clusters of pulses.) The pulse burst laser beam can have a wavelength selected such that the material is substantially transparent at this wavelength. The average laser power per burst measured at the material can be greater than 40 microJoules per mm thickness of material, for example between 40 microJoules/mm and 2500 microJoules/mm, or between 500 and 2250 microJoules/mm. For example, for 0.1 mm-0.2 mm thick Corning Eagle XG® glass one may use 200 μJ pulse bursts to cut and separate the glass, which gives an exemplary range of 1000-2000 μJ/mm. For example, for 0.5-0.7 mm thick Corning Eagle XG® glass, one may use 400-700 μJ pulse bursts to cut and separate the glass, which corresponds to an exemplary range of 570 μJ/mm (400 μJ/0.7 mm) to 1400 μJ/mm (700 μJ/0.5 mm).

The glass is moved relative to the laser beam (or the laser beam is translated relative to the glass) to create perforated lines that trace out the shape of any desired parts. The laser creates hole-like defect zones (or damage tracks, or defect lines) that penetrate the full depth the glass, with internal openings of approximately 1 micron in diameter. These perforations, defect regions, damage tracks, or defect lines are generally spaced from 1 to 15 microns apart (for example, 3-12 microns, or more preferably, 5-10 microns).

As defined herein, the diameter or internal diameter of a defect line is the internal diameter of the open channel or air hole in the glass or workpiece. For example, in some embodiments described herein the internal diameter of the defect line is <500 nm, for example ≤400 nm, or ≤300 nm. Furthermore, the internal diameter of a defect line can be as large as the spot diameter of the laser beam focal line, for example. The laser beam focal line can have an average spot diameter in a range of between about 0.1 micron and about 5 microns, for example 1.5 to 3.5 microns. Once a workpiece or glass part is separated along a fault line or contour, the defect lines on the cut and separated surface can potentially still be viewed and can have a widths comparable to the internal diameters of the defect lines, for example. Thus, widths of defect lines on a cut surface of a glass article prepared by embodiment methods described herein can have widths between about 0.1 micron and about 5 microns, for example.

Beyond single sheets of glass, the process can also be used to cut stacks of glass, and can fully perforate glass stacks of up to a few mm total height with a single laser pass. The glass stacks additionally may have air gaps in various locations; the laser process will still, in a single pass, fully perforate both the upper and lower glass layers of such a stack.

Once the glass is perforated, if the glass has sufficient internal stress, cracks will propagate along the perforation lines and the glass sheet will separate into the desired parts. Since TFT glass compositions are glasses with low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE <4 ppm/C.° and low internal stress (e.g., <10 MPa, for example <5 MPa to prevent distortion or birefringence when used as display), an additional mechanical separation force is generally applied to separate the glass parts, e.g., a subsequent pass of a CO₂ laser along or near the perforation line is used to create thermal stress which will separate the glass along the same pre-programmed perforation lines.

Finally, rounded or chamfered edge is a typical requirement for TFT display glass sheets due to needed high level of reliability during processing and transport. The as-cut edge created by this technology could provide needed high level of reliability. In addition, if additional edge shaping is required, the laser cutting methods described herein enable edge chamfering, which might additionally increase the level of edge reliability (ability to survive stress events and edge impact events). Finally, either rectangular, as-cut edge or a chamfered edge could be additionally fine polished or touch-polished to even further improve the edge strength, the edge impact strength or overall edge reliability. Cutting glass could be achieved either (a) on the fusion glass manufacturing line draw (i.e. on-line), for example at the bottom of the draw of such a manufacturing line, or (b) off-line—i.e., not on the draw, and may be followed by edge chamfering, or polishing.

The present application describes a laser method and apparatus for precision cutting and separation of arbitrary shapes out of transparent substrates, more specifically to cutting TFT glass compositions such as Eagle XG®, Corning Lotus™, etc. in a controllable fashion, with negligible debris and minimum damage to part edges that preserves edge strength, edge impact strength and enables high level of glass edge reliability. The developed laser method relies on the material transparency to the laser wavelength in linear regime, or low laser intensity, which allows maintenance of a clean and pristine surface quality and on the reduced subsurface damage created by the area of high intensity around the laser focus. One of the key enablers of this process is the high aspect ratio of the defect or defect line created by the ultra-short pulsed laser. It allows creation of a fault line that extends from the top to the bottom surfaces of the material to be cut. In principle, this defect can be created by a single pulse and if necessary, additional pulses can be used to increase the extension of the affected area (depth and width).

The laser beam focal line can have a length in a range of between about 0.1 mm and about 10 mm, or between about 0.5 mm and about 5 mm, such as about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, or about 9 mm, or a length in a range of between about 0.1 mm and about 1 mm, and an average spot diameter in a range of between about 0.1 micron and about 5 microns. The holes or defect lines each can have a diameter between 0.1 microns and 10 microns, for example 0.25 to 5 microns (e.g., 0.2-0.75 microns).

The generation of a line focus may be performed by sending a Gaussian laser beam into an axicon lens, in which case a beam profile known as a Gauss-Bessel beam is created. Such a beam diffracts much more slowly (e.g. may maintain single micron spot sizes for ranges of hundreds of microns or millimeters as opposed to few tens of microns or less) than a Gaussian beam. Hence the depth of focus or length of intense interaction with the material may be much larger than when using a Gaussian beam only. Other forms or slowly diffracting or non-diffracting beams may also be used, such as Airy beams.

As illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1C, the method to cut and separate transparent materials, and more specifically TFT glass compositions, is essentially based on creating a fault line 110 formed of a plurality of vertical defect lines 120 in the material or workpiece 130 to be processed with an ultra-short pulsed laser 140. The defect lines 120 extend, for example, through the thickness of the glass sheet, and are orthogonal to the major (flat) surfaces of the glass sheet. “Fault lines” are also referred to as “contours” herein. While fault lines or contours can be linear, like the fault line 110 illustrated in FIG. 1A, the fault lines or contours can also be nonlinear, having a curvature. Curved fault lines or contours can be produced by translating either the workpiece 130 or laser beam 140 with respect to the other in two dimensions instead of one dimension, for example. Depending on the material properties (absorption, CTE, stress, composition, etc.) and laser parameters chosen for processing the material 130, the creation of a fault line 110 alone can be enough to induce self-separation. In this case, no secondary separation processes, such as tension/bending forces or thermal stress created for example by a CO₂ laser, are necessary. As illustrated in FIG. 1A, a plurality of defect lines can define a contour. The separated edge or surface with the defect lines is defined by the contour. The induced absorption creating the defect lines can produce particles on the separated edge or surface with an average diameter of less than 3 microns, resulting in a very clean cutting process.

In some cases, the created fault line is not enough to separate the material spontaneously, and a secondary step may be necessary. While the perforated glass part may be placed in an chamber such as an oven to create a bulk heating or cooling of the glass part, to create thermal stress to separate the parts along the defect line, such a process can be slow and may require large ovens or chambers to accommodate many arts or large pieces or perforated glass. If so desired, a second laser can be used to create thermal stress to separate it, for example. In the case of TFT glass compositions, separation can be achieved, after the creation of a fault line, by application of mechanical force or by using a thermal source (e.g., an infrared laser, for example a CO₂ laser) to create thermal stress and force separation of the material. Another option is to have the CO₂ laser only start the separation and then finish the separation manually. The optional CO₂ laser separation is achieved, for example, with a defocused continuous wave (cw) laser emitting at 10.6 microns and with power adjusted by controlling its duty cycle. Focus change (i.e., extent of defocusing up to and including focused spot size) is used to vary the induced thermal stress by varying the spot size. Defocused laser beams include those laser beams that produce a spot size larger than a minimum, diffraction-limited spot size on the order of the size of the laser wavelength. For example, CO2 laser spot sizes of 1 to 20 mm, for example 1 to 12 mm, 3 to 8 mm, or about 7 mm, 2 mm, and 20 mm can be used for CO₂ lasers, for example, with a CO₂ 10.6 μm wavelength laser. Other lasers, whose emission wavelength is also absorbed by the glass, may also be used, such as lasers with wavelengths emitting in the 9-11 micron range, for example. In such cases CO₂ laser with power levels between 100 and 400 Watts may be used, and the beam may be scanned at speeds of 50-500 mm/sec along or adjacent to the defect lines, which creates sufficient thermal stress to induce separation. The exact power levels, spot sizes, and scanning speeds chosen within the specified ranges may depend on the material use, its thickness, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), elastic modulus, since all of these factors influence the amount of thermal stress imparted by a specific rate of energy deposition at a given spatial location. If the spot size is too small (i.e. <1 mm), or the CO₂ laser power is too high (>400W), or the scanning speed is too slow (less than 10 mm/sec), the glass may be over heated, creating ablation, melting or thermally generated cracks in the glass, which are undesirable, as they will reduce the edge strength of the separated parts. Preferably the CO₂ laser beam scanning speed is >50 mm/sec, in order to induce efficient and reliable part separation. However, if the spot size created by the CO₂ laser is too large (>20 mm), or the laser power is too low (<10W, or in some cases <30W), or the scanning speed is too high (>500 mm/sec), insufficient heating occurs which results in too low a thermal stress to induce reliable part separation.

For example, in some embodiments, a CO₂ laser power of 200 Watts may be used, with a spot diameter at the glass surface of approximately 6 mm, and a scanning speed of 250 mm/sec to induce part separation for 0.7 mm thick Corning Eagle XG® glass that has been perforated with the above mentioned psec laser. For example a thicker Corning Eagle XG® glass substrate may require more CO₂ laser thermal energy per unit time to separate than a thinner Eagle XG® substrate, or a glass with a lower CTE may require more CO₂ laser thermal energy to separate than a glass with a lower CTE. Separation along the perforated line will occur very quickly (less than 1 second) after CO₂ spot passes a given location, for example within 100 milliseconds, within 50 milliseconds, or within 25 milliseconds.

Distance, or periodicity, between adjacent defect lines 120 along the direction of the fault lines 110 can be greater than 0.1 micron and less than or equal to about 20 microns in some embodiments, for example. For example, in some embodiments, the periodicity between adjacent defect lines 120 may be between 0.5 and 15 microns, or between 3 and 10 microns, or between 0.5 micron and 3.0 microns. For example, in some embodiments the periodicity between adjacent defect lines 120 can be between 0.5 micron and 1.0 micron.

There are several methods to create the defect line. The optical method of forming the line focus can take multiple forms, using donut shaped laser beams and spherical lenses, axicon lenses, diffractive elements, or other methods to form the linear region of high intensity. The type of laser (picosecond, femtosecond, etc.) and wavelength (IR, green, UV, etc.) can also be varied, as long as sufficient optical intensities are reached to create breakdown of the substrate material in the region of focus to create breakdown of the substrate material or glass workpiece, through nonlinear optical effects. Preferably, the laser is a pulse burst laser which allows for control of the energy deposition with time by adjusting the number of pulses within a given burst.

In the present application, an ultra-short pulsed laser is used to create a high aspect ratio vertical defect line in a consistent, controllable and repeatable manner. The details of the optical setup that enables the creation of this vertical defect line are described below, and in U.S. Application No. 61/752,489 filed on Jan. 15, 2013, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. The essence of this concept is to use optics to create a line focus of a high intensity laser beam within a transparent part. One version of this concept is to use an axicon lens element in an optical lens assembly to create a region of high aspect ratio, taper-free microchannels using ultra-short (picoseconds or femtosecond duration) Bessel beams. In other words, the axicon condenses the laser beam into a high intensity region of cylindrical shape and high aspect ratio (long length and small diameter). Due to the high intensity created with the condensed laser beam, nonlinear interaction of the electromagnetic field of the laser and the substrate material occurs and the laser energy is transferred to the substrate to effect formation of defects that become constituents of the fault line. However, it is important to realize that in the areas of the material where the laser energy intensity is not high (e.g., glass volume of substrate surrounding the central convergence line), the material is transparent to the laser and there is no mechanism for transferring energy from the laser to the material. As a result, nothing happens to the glass or workpiece when the laser intensity is below the nonlinear threshold.

Turning to FIGS. 2A and 2B, a method of laser processing a material includes focusing a pulsed laser beam 2 into a laser beam focal line 2 b oriented along the beam propagation direction. As shown in FIG. 3A, laser 3 (not shown) emits laser beam 2, which has a portion 2 a incident to the optical assembly 6. The optical assembly 6 turns the incident laser beam into an extensive laser beam focal line 2 b on the output side over a defined expansion range along the beam direction (length 1 of the focal line). The planar substrate 1 is positioned in the beam path to at least partially overlap the laser beam focal line 2 b of laser beam 2. The laser beam focal line is thus directed into the substrate. Reference 1 a designates the surface of the planar substrate facing the optical assembly 6 or the laser, respectively, and reference 1 b designates the reverse surface of substrate 1. The substrate or workpiece thickness (in this embodiment measured perpendicularly to the planes 1 a and 1 b, i.e., to the substrate plane) with the dimension labeled d. The substrate or workpiece can also be referred to as a material and can be a glass article that is substantially transparent to the wavelength of the laser beam 2, for example.

As FIG. 2A depicts, substrate 1 (or the glass composite workpiece) is aligned perpendicular to the longitudinal beam axis and thus behind the same focal line 2 b produced by the optical assembly 6 (the substrate is perpendicular to the plane of the drawing). The focal line being oriented or aligned along the beam direction, the substrate is positioned relative to the focal line 2 b in such a way that the focal line 2 b starts before the surface 1 a of the substrate and stops before the surface 1 b of the substrate, i.e. still focal line 2 b terminates within the substrate and does not extend beyond surface 1 b. In the overlapping area of the laser beam focal line 2 b with substrate 1, i.e. in the substrate material covered by focal line 2 b, the extensive laser beam focal line 2 b generates (assuming suitable laser intensity along the laser beam focal line 2 b, which intensity is ensured by the focusing of laser beam 2 on a section of length 1, i.e. a line focus of length 1) an extensive section 2 c (aligned along the longitudinal beam direction) along which an induced absorption is generated in the substrate material. The induced absorption produces defect line formation in the substrate material along section 2 c. The defect line is a microscopic (e.g., >100 nm and <0.5 micron in diameter) elongated “hole” (also called a perforation or a defect line) in a substantially transparent material, substrate, or workpiece generated by using a single high energy burst of multiple laser pulses. Individual perforations can be created at rates of several hundred kilohertz (several hundred thousand perforations per second), for example. With relative motion between the source and the material, these perforations can be placed adjacent to one another (spatial separation varying from sub-micron to many microns as desired). This spatial separation (pitch) can be selected to facilitate separation of the material or workpiece. In some embodiments, the defect line is a “through hole”, which is a hole or an open channel that extends from the top to the bottom of the substantially transparent material. The defect line formation is not only local, but over the entire length of the extensive section 2 c of the induced absorption. The length of section 2 c (which corresponds to the length of the overlapping of laser beam focal line 2 b with substrate 1) is labeled with reference L. The average diameter or extent of the section of the induced absorption 2 c (or the sections in the material of substrate 1 undergoing the defect line formation) is labeled with reference D. This average extent D basically corresponds to the average diameter δ of the laser beam focal line 2 b, that is, an average spot diameter in a range of between about 0.1 micron and about 5 microns.

As FIG. 2A shows, the substrate material (which is transparent to the wavelength λ of laser beam 2) is heated due to the induced absorption along the focal line 2 b arising from the nonlinear effects associated with the high intensity of the laser beam within focal line 2 b. FIG. 2B illustrates that the heated substrate material will eventually expand so that a corresponding induced tension leads to micro-crack formation, with the tension being the highest at surface 1 a.

The selection of a laser source is predicated on the ability to create multi-photon absorption (MPA) in transparent materials. MPA is the simultaneous absorption of two or more photons of identical or different frequencies in order to excite a molecule from one state (usually the ground state) to a higher energy electronic state (ionization). The energy difference between the involved lower and upper states of the molecule can be equal to the sum of the energies of the two photons. MPA, also called induced absorption, can be can be a second-order or third-order process, or higher-order process, for example, that is several orders of magnitude weaker than linear absorption. MPA differs from linear absorption in that the strength of induced absorption can be proportional to the square or cube (or higher power law) of the light intensity, for example, instead of being proportional to the light intensity itself. Thus, MPA is a nonlinear optical process.

Representative optical assemblies 6, which can be applied to generate the focal line 2 b, as well as a representative optical setup, in which these optical assemblies can be applied, are described below. All assemblies or setups are based on the description above so that identical references are used for identical components or features or those which are equal in their function. Therefore only the differences are described below.

To ensure high quality (regarding breaking strength, geometric precision, roughness and avoidance of re-machining requirements) of the surface of the separated part along which separation occurs, the individual focal lines positioned on the substrate surface along the line of separation should be generated using the optical assembly described below (hereinafter, the optical assembly is alternatively also referred to as laser optics). The roughness of the separated surface (or cut edge), results particularly from the spot size or the spot diameter of the focal line. A roughness of the separated (cut) surface which can be, for example, 0.25 to 1 microns, can be characterized, for example, by an Ra surface roughness statistic (roughness arithmetic average of absolute values of the heights of the sampled surface, which include the heights of bumps resulting from the spot diameter of the focal line). In order to achieve a small spot size of, for example, 0.5 micron to 2 microns in case of a given wavelength λ of laser 3 (interaction with the material of substrate 1), certain requirements must usually be imposed on the numerical aperture of laser optics 6. These requirements are met by laser optics 6 described below.

In order to achieve the required numerical aperture, the optics must, on the one hand, dispose of the required opening for a given focal length, according to the known Abbe formulae (N.A.=n sin (theta), n: refractive index of the glass or composite workpiece to be processed, theta: half the aperture angle; and theta=arctan (D/2f); D: aperture, f: focal length). On the other hand, the laser beam must illuminate the optics up to the required aperture, which is typically achieved by means of beam widening using widening telescopes between the laser and focusing optics.

The spot size should not vary too strongly for the purpose of a uniform interaction along the focal line. This can, for example, be ensured (see the embodiment below) by illuminating the focusing optics only in a small, circular area so that the beam opening and thus the percentage of the numerical aperture only vary slightly.

According to FIG. 3A (section perpendicular to the substrate plane at the level of the central beam in the laser beam bundle of laser radiation 2; here, too, laser beam 2 is perpendicularly incident to the substrate plane, i.e. incidence angle of the focal line is about 0° so that the focal line 2 b or the extensive section of the induced absorption 2 c is parallel to the substrate normal), the laser radiation 2 a emitted by laser 3 is first directed onto a circular aperture 8 which is completely opaque to the laser radiation used. Aperture 8 is oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal beam axis and is centered on the central beam of the depicted beam bundle 2 a. The diameter of aperture 8 is selected in such a way that the beam bundles near the center of beam bundle 2 a or the central beam (here labeled with 2 aZ) hit the aperture and are completely absorbed by it. Only the beams in the outer perimeter range of beam bundle 2 a (marginal rays, here labeled with 2 aR) are not absorbed due to the reduced aperture size compared to the beam diameter, but pass aperture 8 laterally and hit the marginal areas of the focusing optic elements of the optical assembly 6, which, in this embodiment, is designed as a spherically cut, bi-convex lens 7.

As illustrated in FIG. 3A, the laser beam focal line 2 b is not only a single focal point for the laser beam, but rather a series of focal points for different rays in the laser beam. The series of focal points form an elongated focal line of a defined length, shown in FIG. 3A as the length 1 of the laser beam focal line 2 b. Lens 7 is centered on the central beam and is designed as a non-corrected, bi-convex focusing lens in the form of a common, spherically cut lens. The spherical aberration of such a lens may be advantageous. As an alternative, aspheres or multi-lens systems deviating from ideally corrected systems, which do not form an ideal focal point but a distinct, elongated focal line of a defined length, can also be used (i.e., lenses or systems which do not have a single focal point). The zones of the lens thus focus along a focal line 2 b, subject to the distance from the lens center. The diameter of aperture 8 across the beam direction is approximately 90% of the diameter of the beam bundle (defined by the distance required for the intensity of the beam to decrease to 1/e of the peak intensity) and approximately 75% of the diameter of the lens of the optical assembly 6. The focal line 2 b of a non-aberration-corrected spherical lens 7 generated by blocking out the beam bundles in the center is thus used. FIG. 3A shows the section in one plane through the central beam, and the complete three-dimensional bundle can be seen when the depicted beams are rotated around the focal line 2 b.

One potential disadvantage of this type of focal line is that the conditions (spot size, laser intensity) may vary along the focal line (and thus along the desired depth in the material) and therefore the desired type of interaction (no melting, induced absorption, thermal-plastic deformation up to crack formation) may possibly occur only in selected portions of the focal line. This means in turn that possibly only a part of the incident laser light is absorbed by the substrate material in the desired way. In this way, the efficiency of the process (required average laser power for the desired separation speed) may be impaired, and the laser light may also be transmitted into undesired regions (parts or layers adherent to the substrate or the substrate holding fixture) and interact with them in an undesirable way (e.g. heating, diffusion, absorption, unwanted modification).

FIG. 3B-1 through FIG. 3B-4 show (not only for the optical assembly in FIG. 3A, but basically also for any other applicable optical assembly 6) that the position of laser beam focal line 2 b can be controlled by suitably positioning and/or aligning the optical assembly 6 relative to substrate 1 as well as by suitably selecting the parameters of the optical assembly 6. As FIG. 3B-1 illustrates, the length 1 of the focal line 2 b can be adjusted in such a way that it exceeds the substrate thickness d (here by factor 2). If substrate 1 is placed (viewed in longitudinal beam direction) centrally to focal line 2 b, an extensive section of induced absorption 2 c is generated over the entire substrate thickness. The laser beam focal line 2 b can have a length 1 in a range of between about 0.01 mm and about 100 mm or in a range of between about 0.1 mm and about 10 mm, for example. Various embodiments can be configured to have length 1 of about 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.5 mm to 5 mm, e.g., 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, or 5 mm, for example.

In the case shown in FIG. 3B-2, a focal line 2 b of length 1 is generated which corresponds more or less to the substrate thickness d. Since substrate 1 is positioned relative to line 2 b in such a way that line 2 b starts at a point outside the substrate, the length L of the extensive section of induced absorption 2 c (which extends here from the substrate surface to a defined substrate depth, but not to the reverse surface 1 b) is smaller than the length 1 of focal line 2 b. FIG. 3B-3 shows the case in which the substrate 1 (viewed along a direction perpendicular to the beam direction) is positioned above the starting point of focal line 2 b so that, as in FIG. 3B-2, the length 1 of line 2 b is greater than the length L of the section of induced absorption 2 c in substrate 1. The focal line thus starts within the substrate and extends beyond the reverse surface 1 b. FIG. 3B-4 shows the case in which the focal line length 1 is smaller than the substrate thickness d so that—in the case of a central positioning of the substrate relative to the focal line viewed in the direction of incidence—the focal line starts near the surface 1 a within the substrate and ends near the surface 1 b within the substrate (e.g. 1=0.75·d).

It is particularly advantageous to position the focal line 2 b in such a way that at least one of surfaces 1 a, 1 b is covered by the focal line, so that the section of induced absorption 2 c starts at least on one surface of the substrate. In this way it is possible to achieve virtually ideal cuts while avoiding ablation, feathering and particulation at the surface.

FIG. 4 depicts another applicable optical assembly 6. The basic construction follows the one described in FIG. 3A so that only the differences are described below. The depicted optical assembly is based the use of optics with a non-spherical free surface in order to generate the focal line 2 b, which is shaped in such a way that a focal line of defined length 1 is formed. For this purpose, aspheres can be used as optic elements of the optical assembly 6. In FIG. 4, for example, a so-called conical prism, also often referred to as axicon, is used. An axicon is a special, conically cut lens which forms a spot source on a line along the optical axis (or transforms a laser beam into a ring). The layout of such an axicon is generally known to one skilled in the art; the cone angle in the example is 10°. Other ranges of the axicon cone angle may also be utilized. The apex of the axicon labeled here with reference 9 is directed towards the incidence direction and centered on the beam center. Since the focal line 2 b produced by the axicon 9 starts within its interior, substrate 1 (here aligned perpendicularly to the main beam axis) can be positioned in the beam path directly behind axicon 9. As FIG. 4 shows, it is also possible to shift substrate 1 along the beam direction due to the optical characteristics of the axicon while remaining within the range of focal line 2 b. The section of the induced absorption 2 c in the material of substrate 1 therefore extends over the entire substrate depth d.

However, the depicted layout is subject to the following restrictions: Since the region of focal line 2 b formed by axicon 9 begins within axicon 9, a significant part of the laser energy is not focused into the section of induced absorption 2 c of focal line 2 b, which is located within the material, in the situation where there is a separation a between axicon 9 and the substrate or glass composite workpiece material. Furthermore, length 1 of focal line 2 b is related to the beam diameter through the refractive indices and cone angles of axicon 9. This is why, in the case of relatively thin materials (several millimeters), the total focal line is much longer than the substrate or glass composite workpiece thickness, having the effect that much of the laser energy is not focused into the material.

For this reason, it may be desirable to use an optical assembly 6 that includes both an axicon and a focusing lens. FIG. 5A depicts such an optical assembly 6 in which a first optical element with a non-spherical free surface designed to form an extensive laser beam focal line 2 b is positioned in the beam path of laser 3. In the case shown in FIG. 5A, this first optical element is an axicon 10 with a cone angle of 5°, which is positioned perpendicularly to the beam direction and centered on laser beam 3. The apex of the axicon is oriented towards the beam direction. A second, focusing optical element, here the plano-convex lens 11 (the curvature of which is oriented towards the axicon), is positioned in the beam direction at a distance z1 from the axicon 10. The distance z1, in this case approximately 300 mm, is selected in such a way that the laser radiation formed by axicon 10 is circularly incident on the outer radial portion of lens 11. Lens 11 focuses the circular radiation on the output side at a distance z2, in this case approximately 20 mm from lens 11, on a focal line 2 b of a defined length, in this case 1.5 mm. The effective focal length of lens 11 is 25 mm in this embodiment. The circular transformation of the laser beam by axicon 10 is labeled with the reference SR.

FIG. 5B depicts the formation of the focal line 2 b or the induced absorption 2 c in the material of substrate 1 according to FIG. 5A in detail. The optical characteristics of both elements 10, 11 as well as the positioning of them is selected in such a way that the length 1 of the focal line 2 b in beam direction is exactly identical with the thickness d of substrate 1. Consequently, an exact positioning of substrate 1 along the beam direction is required in order to position the focal line 2 b exactly between the two surfaces 1 a and 1 b of substrate 1, as shown in FIG. 5B.

It is therefore advantageous if the focal line is formed at a certain distance from the laser optics, and if the greater part of the laser radiation is focused up to a desired end of the focal line. As described, this can be achieved by illuminating a primarily focusing element 11 (lens) only circularly (annularly) over a particular outer radial region, which, on the one hand, serves to realize the required numerical aperture and thus the required spot size, and, on the other hand, however, the circle of diffusion diminishes in intensity after the required focal line 2 b over a very short distance in the center of the spot, as a basically circular spot is formed. In this way, the defect line formation is stopped within a short distance in the required substrate depth. A combination of axicon 10 and focusing lens 11 meets this requirement. The axicon acts in two different ways: due to the axicon 10, a usually round laser spot is sent to the focusing lens 11 in the form of a ring, and the asphericity of axicon 10 has the effect that a focal line is formed beyond the focal plane of the lens instead of a focal point in the focal plane. The length 1 of focal line 2 b can be adjusted via the beam diameter on the axicon. The numerical aperture along the focal line, on the other hand, can be adjusted via the distance z1 axicon-lens and via the cone angle of the axicon. In this way, the entire laser energy can be concentrated in the focal line.

If the defect line formation is intended to continue to the back side of the substrate, the circular (annular) illumination still has the advantage that (1) the laser power is used optimally in the sense that most of the laser light remains concentrated in the required length of the focal line and (2) it is possible to achieve a uniform spot size along the focal line—and thus a uniform separation of part from substrate along the focal line—due to the circularly illuminated zone in conjunction with the desired aberration set by means of the other optical functions.

Instead of the plano-convex lens depicted in FIG. 5A, it is also possible to use a focusing meniscus lens or another higher corrected focusing lens (asphere, multi-lens system).

In order to generate very short focal lines 2 b using the combination of an axicon and a lens depicted in FIG. 5A, it would be necessary to select a very small beam diameter of the laser beam incident on the axicon. This has the practical disadvantage that the centering of the beam onto the apex of the axicon must be very precise and that the result is very sensitive to directional variations of the laser (beam drift stability). Furthermore, a tightly collimated laser beam is very divergent, i.e. due to the light deflection the beam bundle becomes blurred over short distances.

As shown in FIG. 6, both effects can be avoided by including another lens, a collimating lens 12, in the optical assembly 6. The additional positive lens 12 serves to adjust the circular illumination of focusing lens 11 very tightly. The focal length f′ of collimating lens 12 is selected in such a way that the desired circle diameter dr results from distance z1 a from the axicon to the collimating lens 12, which is equal to f′. The desired width br of the ring can be adjusted via the distance z1 b (collimating lens 12 to focusing lens 11). As a matter of pure geometry, the small width of the circular illumination leads to a short focal line. A minimum can be achieved at distance f′.

The optical assembly 6 depicted in FIG. 6 is thus based on the one depicted in FIG. 5A so that only the differences are described below. The collimating lens 12, here also designed as a plano-convex lens (with its curvature towards the beam direction) is additionally placed centrally in the beam path between axicon 10 (with its apex towards the beam direction), on the one side, and the plano-convex lens 11, on the other side. The distance of collimating lens 12 from axicon 10 is referred to as z1 a, the distance of focusing lens 11 from collimating lens 12 as z1 b, and the distance of the focal line 2 b from the focusing lens 11 as z2 (always viewed in beam direction). As shown in FIG. 6, the circular radiation SR formed by axicon 10, which is incident divergently and under the circle diameter dr on the collimating lens 12, is adjusted to the required circle width br along the distance z1 b for an at least approximately constant circle diameter dr at the focusing lens 11. In the case shown, a very short focal line 2 b is intended to be generated so that the circle width br of approximately 4 mm at lens 12 is reduced to approximately 0.5 mm at lens 11 due to the focusing properties of lens 12 (circle diameter dr is 22 mm in the example).

In the depicted example, it is possible to achieve a length of the focal line 1 of less than 0.5 mm using a typical laser beam diameter of 2 mm, a focusing lens 11 with a focal length f=25 mm, a collimating lens with a focal length f′=150 mm, and choosing distances Z1 a=Z1 b=140 mm and Z2=15 mm.

FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate the laser-matter interaction at different laser intensity regimes. In the first case, shown in FIG. 7A, the unfocused laser beam 710 goes through a transparent substrate 720 without introducing any modification to it. In this particular case, the nonlinear effect is not present because the laser energy density (or laser energy per unit area illuminated by the beam) is below the threshold necessary to induce nonlinear effects. The higher the energy density, the higher is the intensity of the electromagnetic field. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 7B when the laser beam is focused by spherical lens 730 to a smaller spot size, as shown in FIG. 7B, the illuminated area is reduced and the energy density increases, triggering the nonlinear effect that will modify the material to permit formation of a fault line only in the volume where that condition is satisfied. In this way, if the beam waist of the focused laser is positioned at the surface of the substrate, modification of the surface will occur. In contrast, if the beam waist of the focused laser is positioned below the surface of the substrate, nothing happens at the surface when the energy density is below the threshold of the nonlinear optical effect. But at the focus 740, positioned in the bulk of the substrate 720, the laser intensity is high enough to trigger multi-photon non-linear effects, thus inducing damage to the material. Finally, as shown in FIG. 7C in the case of an axicon, as shown in FIG. 7C, the diffraction pattern of an axicon lens 750, or alternatively a Fresnel axicon, creates interference that generates a Bessel-shaped intensity distribution (cylinder of high intensity 760) and only in that volume is the intensity high enough to create nonlinear absorption and modification to the material 720. The diameter of cylinder 760, in which Bessel-shaped intensity distribution is high enough to create nonlinear absorption and modification to the material, is also the spot diameter of the laser beam focal line, as referred to herein. Spot diameter D of a Bessel beam can be expressed as D=(2.4048 λ)/(2πB), where λ is the laser beam wavelength and B is a function of the axicon angle.

Laser and Optical System

For the purpose of cutting some alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate glass compositions a picosecond pulsed laser (e.g., a 1064 nm, or 532 nm picosecond pulsed laser) which produces bursts of multiple pulses in combination with line-focus beam forming optics may be used to create lines of damage (defect lines) in the glass composition. A glass composition with up to 0.7 mm thickness was positioned so that it was within the region of the focal line produced by the optics. With a focal line about 1 mm in length, and a 1064 nm picosecond laser that produces output power of about 24 W or more at a burst repetition rate of 200 kHz (about 120 microJoules/burst) measured at the glass composition, the optical intensities in the focal line region are high enough to create non-linear absorption in the glass composition. The pulsed laser beam can have an average laser burst energy measured, at the material, greater than 40 microJoules per mm thickness of material. The average laser burst energy used can be as high as 2500 μJ per mm thickness of material, for example 40-2500 μJ/mm, with 500-2250 μJ/mm being preferable, and 550 to 2100 μJ/mm being even more preferable because the energy density is strong enough to make a thorough damage track through the glass, while minimizing the extent of micro cracking orthogonal to the perforated line or cut edge. In some exemplary embodiments the laser burst energy is 40-1000 μJ/mm. This “average pulse burst laser energy” per mm can also be referred to as an average, per-burst, linear energy density, or an average energy per laser pulse burst per mm thickness of material. A region of damaged, ablated, vaporized, or otherwise modified material within the glass composition was created that approximately followed the linear region of high optical intensity created by the laser beam focal line.

Note that typical operation of such a picosecond laser described herein creates a “burst” 500 of pulses 500A. (See, for example, FIGS. 8A and 8B). Each “burst” (also referred to herein as a “pulse burst” 500) contains multiple individual pulses 500A (such as at least 2 pulses, at least 3 pulses, at least 4 pulses, at least 5 pulses, at least 10 pulses, at least 15 pulses, at least 20 pulses, or more) of very short duration. That is, a pulse burst is a “pocket” of pulses, and the bursts are separated from one another by a longer duration than the separation of individual adjacent pulses within each burst. Pulses 500A have pulse duration T_(d) of up to 100 psec (for example, 0.1 psec, 5 psec, 10 psec, 15 psec, 18 psec, 20 psec, 22 psec, 25 psec, 30 psec, 50 psec, 75 psec, or therebetween). The energy or intensity of each individual pulse 500A within the burst may not be equal to that of other pulses within the burst, and the intensity distribution of the multiple pulses within a burst 500 often follows an exponential decay in time governed by the laser design. Preferably, each pulse 500A within the burst 500 of the exemplary embodiments described herein is separated in time from the subsequent pulse in the burst by a duration T_(p) from 1 nsec to 50 nsec (e.g. 10-50 nsec, or 10-30 nsec, with the time often governed by the laser cavity design). For a given laser, the time separation T_(p) between adjacent pulses (pulse-to-pulse separation) within a burst 500 is relatively uniform (±10%). For example, in some embodiments, each pulse within a burst is separated in time from the subsequent pulse by approximately 20 nsec (50 MHz). For example, for a laser that produces pulse separation T_(p) of about 20 nsec, the pulse to pulse separation T_(p) within a burst is maintained within about ±10%, or about ±2 nsec. The time between each “burst” of pulses (i.e., time separation T_(b) between bursts) will be much longer (e.g., 0.25≤T_(b)≤1000 microseconds, for example 1-10 microseconds, or 3-8 microseconds). In some of the exemplary embodiments of the laser described herein the time separation T_(b) is around 5 microseconds for a laser with burst repetition rate or frequency of about 200 kHz. The laser burst repetition rate is relates to the time T_(b b)between the first pulse in a burst to the first pulse in the subsequent burst (laser burst repetition rate=1/T_(b)). In some embodiments, the laser burst repetition frequency may be in a range of between about 1 kHz and about 4 MHz. More preferably, the laser burst repetition rates can be, for example, in a range of between about 10 kHz and 650 kHz. The time T_(b) between the first pulse in each burst to the first pulse in the subsequent burst may be 0.25 microsecond (4 MHz burst repetition rate) to 1000 microseconds (1 kHz burst repetition rate), for example 0.5 microseconds (2 MHz burst repetition rate) to 40 microseconds (25 kHz burst repetition rate), or 2 microseconds (500 kHz burst repetition rate) to 20 microseconds (50 kHz burst repetition rate). The exact timings, pulse durations, and burst repetition rates can vary depending on the laser design, but short pulses (T_(d)<20 psec and preferably T_(d)≤15 psec) of high intensity have been shown to work particularly well.

The energy required to modify the material can be described in terms of the burst energy—the energy contained within a burst (each burst 500 contains a series of pulses 500A), or in terms of the energy contained within a single laser pulse (many of which may comprise a burst). For these applications, the energy per burst can be from 25-750 μJ, more preferably 50-500 μJ, or 50-250 μJ. In some embodiments the energy per burst is 100-250 μJ. The energy of an individual pulse within the pulse burst will be less, and the exact individual laser pulse energy will depend on the number of pulses 500A within the pulse burst 500 and the rate of decay (e.g., exponential decay rate) of the laser pulses with time as shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B. For example, for a constant energy/burst, if a pulse burst contains 10 individual laser pulses 500A, then each individual laser pulse 500A will contain less energy than if the same pulse burst 500 had only 2 individual laser pulses.

The use of a laser capable of generating such pulse bursts is advantageous for cutting or modifying transparent materials, for example glass. In contrast with the use of single pulses spaced apart in time by the repetition rate of the single-pulsed laser, the use of a pulse burst sequence that spreads the laser energy over a rapid sequence of pulses within the burst 500 allows access to larger timescales of high intensity interaction with the material than is possible with single-pulse lasers. While a single-pulse can be expanded in time, as this is done the intensity within the pulse must drop as roughly one over the pulse width. Hence if a 10 psec single pulse is expanded to a 10 nsec pulse, the intensity drop by roughly three orders of magnitude. Such a reduction can reduce the optical intensity to the point where non-linear absorption is no longer significant, and light material interaction is no longer strong enough to allow for cutting. In contrast, with a pulse burst laser, the intensity during each pulse 500A within the burst 500 can remain very high—for example three 10 psec pulses 500A spaced apart in time by approximately 10 nsec still allows the intensity within each pulse to be approximately three times higher than that of a single 10 psec pulse, while the laser is allowed to interact with the material over a timescale that is now three orders of magnitude larger. This adjustment of multiple pulses 500A within a burst thus allows manipulation of time-scale of the laser-material interaction in ways that can facilitate greater or lesser light interaction with a pre-existing plasma plume, greater or lesser light-material interaction with atoms and molecules that have been pre-excited by an initial or previous laser pulse, and greater or lesser heating effects within the material that can promote the controlled growth of microcracks. The required amount of burst energy to modify the material will depend on the substrate material composition and the length of the line focus used to interact with the substrate. The longer the interaction region, the more the energy is spread out, and higher burst energy will be required. The exact timings, pulse durations, and burst repetition rates can vary depending on the laser design, but short pulses (<15 psec, or ≤10 psec) of high intensity have been shown to work well with this technique. A defect line or a hole is formed in the material when a single burst of pulses strikes essentially the same location on the glass. That is, multiple laser pulses within a single burst correspond to a single defect line or a hole location in the glass. Of course, since the glass is translated (for example by a constantly moving stage) (or the beam is moved relative to the glass, the individual pulses within the burst cannot be at exactly the same spatial location on the glass. However, they are well within 1 μm of one another-i.e., they strike the glass at essentially the same location. For example, they may strike the glass at a spacing, sp, from one another where 0<sp≤500 nm. For example, when a glass location is hit with a burst of 20 pulses the individual pulses within the burst strike the glass within 250 nm of each other. Thus, in some embodiments 1 nm<sp<250 nm. In some embodiments 1 nm<sp<100 nm.

Hole or Damage Track Formation:

If the substrate has sufficient stress (e.g., with ion exchanged glass), then the part will spontaneously crack and separate along the path of perforated damage traced out by the laser process. However, if there is not a lot of stress inherent to the substrate (as is the case of Corning Eagle XG® compositions), then the picosecond laser will simply form damage tracks in the workpiece. These damage tracks generally take the form of holes with interior dimensions of about 0.1-1.5 microns, or 0.2 microns to 2 microns (for example, in some embodiments, 0.2 to 0.7 microns, or 0.3 to 0.6 microns). Preferably the holes are very small (single microns or less) in dimension.

The holes or defect lines can perforate the entire thickness of the material, and may or may not be a continuous opening throughout the depth of the material. FIG. 9 shows an example of such tracks or defect lines perforating the entire thickness of a workpiece of 600 micron thick Eagle XG® substrate. The perforations or damage tracks are observed through the side of a cleaved edge. The tracks through the material are not necessarily through-holes. There are often regions of glass that plug the holes, but they are generally small in size, on the order of microns, for example.

It is also possible to perforate stacked sheets of glass. In this case, the focal line length needs to be longer than the stack height.

The lateral spacing (pitch) between the holes or defect lines is determined by the pulse rate of the laser as the substrate is translated underneath the focused laser beam. Only a single picosecond laser pulse burst is usually necessary to form an entire hole, but multiple bursts may be used if desired. To form holes at different pitches, the laser can be triggered to fire at longer or shorter intervals. For cutting operations, the laser triggering generally is synchronized with the stage driven motion of the workpiece beneath the beam, so laser pulse bursts are triggered at a fixed spacing, such as for example every 1 micron, or every 5 microns. Distance, or periodicity, between adjacent perforations or defect lines along the direction of the fault line can be greater than 0.1 micron and less than or equal to about 20 microns in some embodiments, for example. For example, the spacing or periodicity between adjacent perforations or defect lines is between 0.5 and 15 microns, or between 3 and 10 microns, or between 0.5 micron and 3.0 microns. For example, in some embodiments the periodicity can be between 0.5 micron and 1.0 micron.

The exact spacing between adjacent perforations or defect lines is determined by the material properties that facilitate crack propagation from perforated hole to perforated hole, given the stress level in the substrate. However, in contrast to cutting a substrate, it is also possible to use the same method to only perforate the material. In the methods described herein, the holes or defect lines (or damage tracks, or perforations) can be separated by larger spacings (e.g., a 7 micron pitch or greater).

The laser power and lens focal length (which determines the focal line length and hence power density) are particularly important parameters to ensure full penetration of the glass and low micro-cracking.

In general, the higher the available laser power, the faster the material can be cut with the above process. Processes disclosed herein can cut glass at a cutting speed of 0.25 m/sec, or faster. A cut speed (or cutting speed) is the rate the laser beam moves relative to the surface of the transparent material (e.g., glass) while creating multiple holes or modified regions.) High cut speeds, such as, for example 400 mm/sec, 500 mm/sec, 750 mm/sec, 1 m/sec, 1.2 m/sec, 1.5 m/sec, or 2 m/sec, or even 3.4 m/sec to 4 m/sec are often desired in order to minimize capital investment for manufacturing, and to optimize equipment utilization rate. The laser power is equal to the burst energy multiplied by the burst repetition frequency (rate) of the laser. In general, to cut such glass materials at high cutting speeds, the damage tracks are typically spaced apart by 1-25 microns, in some embodiments the spacing is preferably 3 microns or larger—for example 3-12 microns, or for example 5-10 microns.

For example, to achieve a linear cutting speed of 300 mm/sec, 3 micron hole pitch corresponds to a pulse burst laser with at least 100 kHz burst repetition rate. For a 600 mm/sec cutting speed, a 3 micron pitch corresponds to a burst-pulsed laser with at least 200 kHz burst repetition rate. A pulse burst laser that produces at least 40 μJ/burst at 200 kHz, and cuts at a 600 mm/s cutting speed needs to have laser power of at least 8 Watts. Higher cut speeds therefore require even higher laser powers.

For example a 0.4 m/sec cut speed at 3 μm pitch and 40 μJ/burst would require at least a 5 Watt laser, a 0.5 m/sec cut speed at 3 μm pitch and 40 μJ/burst would require at least a 6 Watt laser. Thus, preferably the laser power of the pulse burst ps laser is 6 watts or higher, more preferably at least 8 Watts or higher, and even more preferably at least 10W or higher. For example in order to achieve a 0.4 m/sec cut speed at 4 μm pitch (defect lines pacing, or between damage tracks spacing) and 100 μJ/burst one would require at least a 10 Watt laser, and to achieve a 0.5 m/sec cut speed at 4 μm pitch and 100 μJ/burst one would require at least a 12 Watt laser. For example, to achieve a cut speed of 1 m/sec at 3 μm pitch and 40 μJ/burst one would require at least a 13 Watt laser. Also for example 1 m/sec cut speed at 4 μm pitch and 400 μJ/burst would require at least a 100 Watt laser. The optimal pitch between damage tracks and the exact burst energy is material dependent, and can be determined empirically. However, it should be noted that raising the laser pulse energy or making the damage tracks at a closer pitch are not conditions that always make the substrate material separate better or with improved edge quality. Too dense a pitch (for example <0.1 micron, in some exemplary embodiments <1 μm, or in some embodiments <2 μm) between damage tracks can sometimes inhibit the formation of nearby subsequent damage tracks, and often can inhibit the separation of the material around the perforated contour, and may also result in increased unwanted micro cracking within the glass. Too long a pitch (>50 μm, and in some glasses >25 μm or even >20 μm) may result in “uncontrolled microcracking”—i.e., where instead of propagating from hole to hole the microcracks propagate along a different path, and cause the glass to crack in a different (undesirable) direction. This may ultimately lower the strength of the separated glass part, since the residual microcracks will acts as flaws which weaken the glass. Too high a burst energy (e.g., >2500 μJ/burst, and in some embodiments >500 μJ/burst) used to form each damage track can cause “healing” or re-melting of already formed microcracks of adjacent damage tracks, which will inhibit separation of the glass. Accordingly, it is preferred that burst energy be <2500 μJ/burst, for example, <500 μJ/burst. Also, using a burst energy that is too high can cause formation of microcracks that are extremely large and create flaws which reduce the edge strength of the parts after separation. Too low a burst energy (<40 μJ/burst) may result in no appreciable damage track formed within the glass, and hence very high separation strength or complete inability to separate along the perforated contour.

Typical exemplary cutting rates (speeds) enabled by this process are, for example, 0.25 m/sec and higher. In some embodiments the cutting rates are at least 300 mm/sec. In some embodiments described herein the cutting rates are at least 400 mm/sec, for example 500 mm/sec to 2000 mm/sec, or higher. In some embodiments the picosecond (ps) laser utilizes pulse bursts to produce defect lines with periodicity between 0.5 microns and 13 microns, e.g. 0.5 and 3 microns. In some embodiments the pulsed laser has laser power of 10 W-100 W and the material and/or the laser beam are translated relative to one another at a rate of at least 0.25 m/sec, for example at the rate of 0.25 to 0.35 m/sec, or 0.4 m/sec to 5 m/sec. Preferably, each pulse burst of the pulsed laser beam has an average laser energy measured at the workpiece greater than 40 microJoules per burst mm thickness of workpiece. Preferably, each pulse burst of the pulsed laser beam has an average laser energy measured at the workpiece greater of less than 2500 microJoules per burst per mm thickness of workpiece, and preferably lass than about 2000 microJoules per burst per mm, and in some embodiments less than 1500 microJoules per burst per mm thickness of workpiece, for example not more than 500 microJoules per burst per mm thickness of workpiece.

It has been discovered that much higher (5 to 10 times higher) volumetric pulse energy density (μj/μm³) is required for perforating alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate glasses with low or no alkali containing glasses as compared to that for glasses such as Corning Gorilla®. This can be achieved, for example, by utilizing pulse burst lasers, preferably with at least 2 pulses per burst and providing volumetric energy densities within the alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate glasses (with low or no alkali) of about 0.050μJ/μm³ or higher, e.g., at least 0.10 μJ/μm³, for example 0.1-0.5 μJ/μm³.

Accordingly, it is preferable that the laser produces pulse bursts with at least 2 pulses per burst. For example, in some embodiments the pulsed laser has laser power of 10W-150W (e.g., 10-100W) and produces pulse bursts with at least 2 pulses per burst (e.g., 2-25 pulses per burst). In some embodiments the pulsed laser has the power of 25 W-60 W, and produces pulse bursts with at least 2-25 pulses per burst, and periodicity or distance between the adjacent defect lines produced by the laser bursts is 2-10 microns. In some embodiments the pulsed laser has laser power of 10 W-100 W, produces pulse bursts with at least 2 pulses per burst, and the workpiece and the laser beam are translated relative to one another at a rate of at least 0.25 m/sec. In some embodiments the workpiece and/or the laser beam are translated relative to one another at a rate of at least 0.4 m/sec.

For example, for cutting 0.7 mm thick non-ion exchanged Corning code 2319 or code 2320 Gorilla glass, it is observed that pitches of 3-7 microns can work well, with pulse burst energies of about 150-250 μJ/burst, and burst pulse numbers that range from 2-15, and preferably with pitches of 3-5 microns and burst pulse numbers (number of pulses per burst) of 2-5.

At 1 m/sec cut speeds, the cutting of Eagle XG® glass typically requires utilization of laser powers of 15-84 Watts, with 30-45 Watts often being sufficient. In general, across a variety of glass and other transparent materials, applicants discovered that laser powers between 10 and 100W are preferred to achieve cutting speeds from 0.2-1 m/sec, with laser powers of 25-60 Watts being sufficient (and optimum) for many glasses. For cutting speeds of 0.4 m to 5 m/sec, laser powers should preferably be 10 W-150W, with burst energy of 40-750 μJ/burst, 2-25 bursts per pulse (depending on the material that is cut), and hole separation (or pitch) of 3 to 15 μm, or 3-10 μm. The use of picosecond pulse burst lasers would be preferable for these cutting speeds because they generate high power and the required number of pulses per purst. Thus, according to some exemplary embodiments, the pulsed laser produces 10-100W of power, for example 25 W to 60 Watts, and produces pulse bursts at least 2-25 pulses per burst and the distance between the defect lines is 2-15 microns; and the laser beam and/or workpiece are translated relative to one another at a rate of at least 0.25 m/sec, in some embodiments at least 0.4 m/sec, for example 0.5 m/sec to 5 m/sec, or faster.

Cutting and Separating Low-Alkali or Non-Alkali Glasses

As shown in FIGS. 8C and 9, different conditions were found that enable the separation of glasses, for example Eagle XG®, with either linear cuts or more complex shapes, for a wide range of substrate thicknesses. The images in FIG. 8C show the cut edges of a 0.024 mm thick piece of Eagle XG® glass (top image), and of a 0.134 mm thick piece of Eagle XG® glass (bottom image). Eagle XG® is a glass composition designed for use as a thin film transistor (TFT) substrate, and hence has an appropriate coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of about 3 parts per million per degree C. which allows it to approximately match the coeficient of thermal expansion of silicon. This laser process can also be used to cut and separate similar glass compositions, i.e. those with similar CTEs to Eagle XG® (for example, CTE of 2 ppm/° C. to 5 ppm/° C.), as well as other glasses of other compositions and CTEs. The first method is to use a picosecond (pulse burst) laser to create defect lines or holes and forming a fault line or defect line following the desired shape followed by the mechanical separation. After formation of the defect lines or holes, mechanical separation can be accomplished manually by using breaking pliers, bending the part by hand or with a dedicated tool, or any method that creates sufficient tension that initiates and propagates the separation along the perforated fault line. Another method utilizes a picosecond (pulse burst) laser to create defect lines or holes and forming a fault line or defect line following the desired shape, followed by the step of thermal separation, preferably by CO₂ laser.

The diameter or internal diameter of a defect line before separation is the internal diameter of the open channel or air hole in the glass material or workpiece. Once the workpiece is separated, defect lines can still be visible, as shown in FIG. 8C, for example. Widths of the individual defect lines visible on the separated workpiece can be measured using a microscope, for example, and the widths can be comparable to the internal diameters of the defect line before separation. For example, if the defect line diameter is between 0.1 micron and 5 microns, then the corresponding widths of the individual defect lines on the surface separated after the cut can be in the range of between about 0.1 micron and 5 microns.

Presented below are exemplary picosecond and CO₂ laser parameters required to fabricate the perimeter cut & to create through-holes in up to 700 μm thick material. Table 1 lists laser parameters for various glass thicknesses.

TABLE 1 Laser parameters for several glass thicknesses Glass Thickness & Laser Used 25 25 150 150 700 700 microns, microns, microns, microns, microns, microns, pico CO₂ pico CO₂ pico CO₂ Optical Element 30 mm 63 mm 30 mm 63 mm 30 mm 63 mm (Objective lens) focal length Speed (m/min) 3 60 3 18 12 18 Number of Passes 1  4 1 1 1  9 Substrate thickness 0.1 33 0.4 27.5 0.68 25 (focus) Power (W) 65 100  50 100 100 100  Burst (Number of 4 NA 3 NA 3 NA Pulse/bursts) Rep rate (kHz) 200 20 200 5 200 20 Pulse Duration of CO₂ NA 12 NA 70 NA  5 laser (μs) Pulse Spacing (microns) 1.5 NA 1 NA 8 NA of CO₂ laser

Eagle XG® glass and similar compositions from a family of low or non-alkali glasses present challenges for prior laser separation approaches due to their strong molecular and atomic bonds requiring high pulses energies to “break”. FIG. 10 shows atomic ionization energies. The reduction of Na, Ca, K & similar elements as compared to what is commonly used in typical alkali glass compositions (such as Corning Gorilla® glass) removes low ionization elements leaving proportionally more elements that require multi-photon absorption to ionize (when exposed to laser wavelengths in the transparent regime). This embodiment(s) provides a means of uniformly irradiating a small cylindrical volume of material with sufficient laser energy to dis-associate atomic and molecular bonds resulting in low debris and low subsurface damage.

Difference between display glass compositions and Gorilla glass compositions:

Eagle XG® and display glasses:

-   -   i. CTE is lower, about 3 ppm/° C.     -   ii. Alkali free (or only trace amounts)     -   iii. Low thermal diffusivity

Corning Gorilla® and other ion-exchangeable glasses:

-   -   i. CTE is generally ˜7-9 ppm/° C.     -   ii. Has high amounts of alkalis like sodium in composition         (allowing it to be ion exchanged)     -   iii. Higher thermal diffusivity.

Low thermal expansion and low thermal diffusivity of TFT glass compositions create difficult thermal management issues when such glasses are being cut exclusively) with lasers operating in the non-transparent regime (ex. CO₂ at 10.6 microns), due to the need to produce and manage stresses for thermal crack propagation. For example, TFT glass is not transparent to 10.6 micron wavelength, and the energy of such laser is absorbed by the high layer of the glass (not far down in the glass interior). However, we discovered the creation of a perforation line(s) simplifies the thermal management issues by reducing the amount of laser energy required to start, propagate and direct cracks, and the use of the IR lasers such as the CO₂ at 10.6 micron laser to heat the glass, after glass is perforated with picosecond pulse laser advantageously results in fast, efficient and controlled crack propagation between the defect lines, and thus fast and efficient cutting of alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate glasses.

The methods described herein thus provide an effective means of cutting non-alkali glasses in arbitrary shapes in plates or sheets as well as in a continuous fashion (as required by a continuous fusion glass manufacturing process—called “On-the-Draw”). Picosecond laser perforation of small (e.g., Corning Willow® glass) thicknesses (about 100-200 microns, or 100-150 microns) have been demonstrated, for example, at speeds of 200-300 mm/sec with pulse spacing of 1 micron to 20 microns (and greater speeds are possible).

Cutting Glass On-the-Draw

Mechanical scoring & breaking is the traditional glass cutting approach for a continuous fusion glass manufacturing process. Although fast, achieving 1 m/s for straight cuts, this process is highly limited when it comes to cutting contour glass shapes as it becomes extremely challenging for such applications due to slow speed, glass edge chipping, high roughness of the cut edge, etc. These applications require multiple grinding and polishing steps in order to reduce subsurface damage (SSD), as well as washing steps, which not only add cost to the process due to higher capital requirements and higher costs due to low yields, but are also simply not capable of meeting the technical requirements.

Carbon dioxide (CO²) laser score and break approach has been tried for cutting display glass compositions. This technique relies on mechanical crack initiation followed by a CO₂ thermally induced laser crack propagation. Most often, a CO₂ laser radiation at the wavelength of 10.6 microns is used as a precision heat source followed by a coolant jet to create the thermal shock and propagate the crack along the straight line. The difficulties in this approach lie in controlling the directions and propagation speed of such cracks, especially around contours. Although straight cutting by either a mechanical or a CO₂ laser score and break techniques might work well for some applications, highly precise, clean and flexible (i.e., not just cutting along straight lines) glass cutting solutions needed.

One example of the difficulties of both mechanical and CO₂ based scoring is the liquid crystal display (LCD) glass fusion draw process. In the LCD fusion draw process, a continuous ribbon of thin flat glass is formed, emanating from a high draw tower. This thin glass is most often formed between 0.050 mm and 2 mm thick and between 24 inches and 150 inches wide (60.96 cm and 381 cm wide). This ribbon of glass is scored by a mechanical scoring wheel similar to scoring or cutting glass windows. This scored glass is then mechanically bent and broken from the ribbon to establish a sheet that is, for example, 24 inches to 150 inches wide (about 61 cm to 381 cm wide) by 24 inches to 150 inches tall (i.e., about 61 cm to 381 cm tall) at the bottom of the draw tower. Since the sheet of glass is mechanically gripped and pulled by rollers on its outermost ends, such a sheet will have very rough and thick sections on the right and left sides of the sheet, with these sections being termed “beads” or “edge beads”. Mechanical scoring can only be performed in the quality area of the glass sheet, and not in the thicker beaded section of the glass sheet. A robot will grip the sheet of glass, bend it, and break the scored sheet from the ribbon of glass. This breaking action causes a high amplitude vibration up the ribbon into the draw tower which causes forming flatness variations in the final sheet. It also can cause “rubicons” or significant disruptions of the continuous sheet forming process, since the vibration can run a micro-crack up the draw. Mechanically scoring and breaking of glass can also produce glass chips that are very small and light and can be carried through the air to deposit on nearby surfaces, with these glass chips sometimes being 10-200 microns in size and 3-20 microns thick. These glass chips produced by mechanical scoring float up the draw tower and attach to the surface of the sheet. Some of these particles, called “clam-shell” glass chips, have very flat faces which allows them to adhere tightly to other glass surfaces, and also attach permanently to the ribbon glass surface. Such adhered glass chips produced by mechanical scoring result in a rejected section of the glass sheet since such contamination is very difficult to wash off and will disrupt coatings and patterning on the glass needed for LCD and TFT applications.

After being drawn, this glass sheet is then moved from the ribbon area to a secondary cut area, where the glass sheet is often placed on another machine called a vertical bead scoring machine, and the beaded section of the glass or non-quality area is then mechanically scored, and then the bead section is mechanically broken off of the parent sheet. Again, tiny clam-shell glass chips can fly off the sheet onto the defect area, resulting in a rejected section of glass.

All the sheets are then packed in some cases into crates and shipped to a finishing location. Again, clam shell glass chips can migrate from the edge of the glass to the surface and result in rejected sections of glass. This crate of glass in unloaded and placed in a finishing line, where the sheet is mechanically or CO₂ scored and mechanically broken into a slightly smaller sheet of glass. This off-line scoring process is much more precise than the on-draw score process. Again, more clam-shell glass chips fly onto the glass surface, resulting in rejected sections of these glass sheets.

Such a sheet is next moved to edge grinders that rough and fine grind the thin glass sheets to a final length and width, and also can be used to generate a desired edge profile or bevel. Then, the sheet is moved to another grinder that will grind the four corners. Next, the sheet moves to an inline washer that cleans the surface of most loose particles except the clam shell particles.

In contrast to the traditional mechanical score and break methods, the laser glass cutting technology disclosed herein is advantageously able to cuts glasses such as thin glass extremely accurately, extremely fast, along predetermined contours, and without creating large or significant number of glass chips. Also, the glass can be perforated at extremely high speeds (for example, 1-2 meters/sec). In test cases, no chips have been observed on the edge of the glass. The laser process can perforate and separate small glass articles like a cell phone size (70 mm×150 mm) shape out of a larger sheet of glass. This perforating and separating process of thin glass leaves behind an edge with surface roughness (Ra) less than 400 nm and sub-surface micro-cracks of <60 microns. This edge quality is close to the quality of a ground sheet of glass. Given this capability, hot glass can be laser cut at the fusion draw process that makes thin glass sheets. Thus, the embodiments of technology described herein advantageously offer yield improvement, reduced or non-existent particulate generation, and cost improvement by allowing the glass to be cut to final shapes on the draw line (or shortly after on a finishing line, if so desired).

FIG. 11 illustrates an existing glass cutting approach for a continuous fusion glass manufacturing process. In the existing process, a glass sheet 1164 flows down from a draw tower 1162. Darker shading of the glass sheet 1164 indicates higher temperature. When a sheet of glass is formed, for example on a fusion draw machine, the hot and soft glass sheet is pulled by a grasping mechanism such as rollers that form imprints on the two outer edges of the glass sheet. The imprinted edges are called “beads”, and these edges extend the entire length of the glass sheet. Since these beaded areas are often distorted and non-flat compared to the central section of the glass sheet, removal of the beads (or beaded area) is done before the glass is utilized in making final devices. As illustrated by draw motion 1165, the glass sheet is drawn down using roller wheels that create glass beads 1166 along the edge of the glass sheet 1164. A mechanical or CO₂ laser score is applied along a score line 1168, facilitating breaking of a scored sheet 1170 from the glass sheet 1164.

The methods described herein offer a glass cutting solution for display glass compositions for both online and off-line glass cutting needs. Online, these methods can be applied for both cutting and bead removal of the glass sheet as it comes from the draw, particularly at the area known as the Bottom of the Draw (BOD), where glass starts cooling down from its forming temperature. When a sheet of glass is formed, for example on a fusion draw machine, the hot and soft glass sheet is pulled by a grasping mechanism such as rollers that form imprints on the two outer edges of the glass sheet. The imprinted edges are called “beads”, and these edges extend the entire length of the glass sheet. Since these beaded areas are often distorted and non-flat compared to the central section of the glass sheet, removal of the beads (or beaded area) is done before the glass is utilized in making final devices. The methods described herein provide a glass cutting solution that can result in a full-body (full-thickness) perforation through the whole thickness of the glass sheet. A series of full-thickness perforations can form a fault line that, upon sheet separation along the fault line, can form a very precise and controllable cut in the glass sheet.

FIGS. 12A-12B illustrate two methods of laser glass cutting on the draw according to methods described herein, utilizing laser optical systems such as those described herein in conjunction with FIGS. 2-6. According to a laser cutting process 1200A, a laser cut line 1168′ consisting of a series of defect lines is applied to the glass sheet 1164 formed by the draw tower 1162. In the process 1200A, the laser (not shown) is configured to cut through the entire thickness of the glass sheet 1164. The laser cut line 1168′ extends across the entire width of the newly formed glass sheet 1164 on the draw, including cutting the beads 1166 without vibrating the glass ribbon or creating any glass chips or particles.

FIG. 12B illustrates an alternative method 1200B of laser glass cutting on the draw, in which a laser is used to cut through the quality areas of the glass sheet and remove a large rectangular sheet 1170′ of glass. Waste glass 1172 is removed from the glass sheet at the bottom 1172 of the draw area. It should be recognized that in other embodiments, the removed glass sheet 1170′ need not be rectangular. The glass sheet 1170′ can be square or circular or have any other shape required.

FIG. 13 illustrates yet another alternative method of laser glass cutting on the draw. In FIG. 13, vertical laser cut lines 1168′ are applied adjacent to the glass beads 1166 relatively higher up in the draw path. Then, relatively lower in the draw path, horizontal laser cut lines 1168′ are applied to cut and remove the glass sheet 1170′ from the draw.

FIG. 14 illustrates a further alternative method of laser glass cutting on the draw. In FIG. 14, horizontal laser cut lines 1168′ is applied on the draw, across the entire width of the glass sheet 1164, to remove the laser cut sheet 1170′ from the draw. Following this, vertical laser cut lines 1168 are applied to the cut sheet 1170′ to remove the beads from the cut sheet at the bottom of the draw.

FIG. 15 illustrates use of the laser methods described herein to remove trim or waste glass 1172 from the sheet 1170′ away from the draw. In a finishing area, both horizontal and vertical laser cut lines 1168′ are applied to remove the horizontal and vertical pieces of waste glass 1172 from the laser cut glass sheet 1170′.

The laser glass processing technology disclosed herein can cut thin glass extremely accurately, extremely fast and without creating glass chips. The laser-based technology can perforate glass with extremely small holes (<1 micron in diameter, e.g.) and short pitch spacing (1 micron, e.g.). Also, the methods disclosed herein can be used to perforate glass at extremely high speeds (e.g., 1-2 meters/sec). No chips have been seen on the edge of the glass. Small glass articles such as those for cell phones (e.g., 70 mm×150 mm) can be perforated and removed out of a larger sheet of glass. This perforating and separating process of thin glass leaves behind an edge with a roughness less than 400 nm Ra and sub-surface micro-checks or micro-cracks at <60 microns. This edge quality is close to the quality of a ground sheet of glass. Given these capabilities, a laser-based process can be used to cut hot glass at the fusion draw process that makes thin glass sheets.

Glass stresses may also be of particular concern for some applications, particularly for applications with glass sheets or laminated glass sheets that have high stresses. Cutting of sheets under such circumstances with traditional methods presents significant difficulties. For example, significant amounts of stress are induced during the drawing of LCD glass sheets during the fusion draw process. The stress at the sheet and bead interface is even larger during glass cooling because of the differential thickness between sheet and bead and the different associated cooling rates. The stress level can be significantly larger for the case of fusion drawn laminated sheets (>300 MPa), where the viscosity and CTE differences between adjacent sheet layers result in very high outer layer compressive stress. This high compressive stress layer property can significantly improve the glass strength of the laminated glass sheet. However, cutting of the glass sheet by traditional methods can be difficult in sheets with high stress levels.

As is understood in the art, LCD glass sheets made with the fusion draw process have high stresses that are induced as the glass is cooled from above its softening point to much below its strain point. The stress is also significantly higher at the glass bead interface due to differences in thicknesses and thermal mass. The stresses are much higher (>300 MPa) for the case of laminated glass sheets, where the mismatch in CTE and viscosity of glass layers can induce high compressive stresses needed for strengthened glass applications. These high levels of stress make it very difficult to cut the glass sheets at temperatures that are much below the strain point of the glass (<300° C.).

Methods and different embodiments are disclosed to cut the sheets and separate beads from the sheet using the laser technology which entails single shot penetration through the thickness of the glass sheet. Methods disclosed herein allow for laser-based cutting of the sheet at the draw and separation of beads to improve the manufacturing efficiency of fusion draw process. Furthermore, in some embodiments, single layer sheets and laminated sheets can be cut at high temperatures (close to the annealing point of the glass), making the induced stress much smaller. The ability to cut sheets at high temperature and then post-process the sheet through prescribed temperature profiles can also accommodate sheets with lower glass compaction, lower residual stresses, the possibility to eliminate the cost of separate finishing steps, the ability to process glasses of higher strain point, and increased production throughput due to the glass staying at the annealing temperature longer.

FIG. 16 illustrates an example process using a multi-stage furnace 1671 designed to hold the glass sheet portion 1170′ (to be cut) at a temperature close to its annealing point. At the lower part of the draw, the glass sheet 1170′ (to be cut) is introduced into a furnace 1671 a held around the annealing temperature of the glass. The lower stress level at the elevated temperatures near the annealing point aid in cutting of the sheet. The sheet 1164 is first cut horizontally by a laser beam 1674 at the draw that undergoes horizontal laser beam translation 1676 to produce a plurality of defect lines in the glass.

The glass sheet 1170′ is then translated to furnace 1671 b, also held at the annealing temperature of the glass. The glass beads 1166 are separated using the laser beams 1674, which are configured to undergo vertical translation 1674 to laser score the glass sheet 1170′ adjacent to the beads 1166. The horizontal and vertical cutting steps can include applying tensile or bending stresses along the laser-damaged contours to separate the glass from the draw and to separate the glass beads from the cut glass sheet 1170′ if necessary. The stresses can be applied using robots, for example.

Following removal of the glass beads, the cut glass sheet 1170′ is translated to a third furnace 1671 c, where heat sources 1680 undergo vertical translation 1682 to deliver heat to the cut edges of the glass plate 1170′. The heat is applied to smooth and round the cut vertical edges, and while not shown in FIG. 16, heat can also be applied to the horizontal cut edges of the plate 1170′ for smoothing and rounding. The heat source can include a gas flame, CO₂ laser, etc.

The glass sheet 1164 can be a laminated sheet, where the sheet is comprised of multiple layers, each having different material properties such as CTE, etc. Such a laminated sheet can be formed by using a double-isopipe draw tower in which each isopipe is used for providing glass for a different layer of the laminate. The difference in CTE between glass layers of the laminate results in a significant amount of stress being introduced as the glass sheet cools from above the softening point to much below the strain point. For example, compressive stress of greater than 400 MPa can be induced on the surface of the laminate sheet surface by having CTE difference between the inner and surface layers larger than 60×10⁻⁷/C, with the ratio of the thickness of the inner layer to the total laminate thickness ranging between 0.8 and 1 (see, e.g., Tandon et al., U.S. Patent Application Number 20110318555, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference).

In cases in which the glass sheet 1164 is a laminate, the furnaces 1671 a and 1671 b can be configured to hold the laminate at a temperature that is between the annealing temperatures of two layers of the laminate. For applications where high surface compressive stresses are required (laminated glasses for high strength applications), providing time at the annealing temperature will reduce the stress magnitude, facilitating cutting using the laser beams 1674. In these cases, high stresses can still be achieved in a finished glass sheet by quenching the glass during the post-cutting cooling.

FIG. 17 illustrates a process in which the sheet 1170′ is cooled to temperatures much below the strain point of the glass by physically traversing the sheet through a multistage furnace 1771 having progressively cooler stages 1771 a, 1771 b, and 1771 c. The series of furnaces apply a prescribed temperature profile to minimize residual stresses, post-formed compaction, improve glass sheet attributes, and tailor glass properties. It should be understood that a similar controlled cooling profile is achieved in other embodiments by using a single-stage furnace with a time-varying temperature profile.

In other embodiments, laser perforations are made with the glass in the draw, with a certain separation between defect lines, at a temperature above the annealing point of the glass. This has no significant impact on glass strength at this draw location. However, this can result in the glass sheet spontaneously separating or separating with only weak external perturbations when CTE stress is developed (e.g., for laminated glass) at downstream locations on the draw. Spontaneous separation, or separation with weak external perturbations, can be useful for removal of glass beads and for glass collection.

The ability to cut sheets at high temperature and then post-process the sheet through prescribed temperature profile can also allow for sheets with lower glass compaction and lower residual stresses. Such ability can also eliminate the cost of separate finishing steps, allow processing of glasses with higher strain points, and increase production throughput due to the glass staying at the annealing temperature longer.

The glass separation along a full-thickness cut is controlled by the pitch between two defect lines. A typical exemplary pitch for cutting many display glass compositions is about 1-5 microns (e.g., 2-5 microns). However, a pitch of up to 8 microns (5-8 microns) has also been shown to provide a good quality cut. The ability to control the pitch is also important since it determines the cutting speed, which is also affected by laser pulse frequency or burst repetition rate, the number of pulses within a burst mode and the available average energy per pulse and/or per burst.

Where a micro-crack around the hole of the penetrated defect line is oriented toward the next nearest hole, this helps the glass cutting in a sense that the crack propagation from one hole to the next nearest one in the direction of the cut is additionally enhanced by micro-cracks along the line of the cut. In such cases, a larger pitch (for example 3 to 50 microns, such as 3 to 20 microns) between the holes or defect lines is preferred for a full glass separation. Alternatively, in some glass types, where micro-cracks are not formed or are not oriented toward and adjacent defect line, a smaller pitch (0.1 to 3 microns, e.g., between 1 and 3 microns) between the holes (or defect lines) is preferred for a full glass separation.

A continuous fusion glass manufacturing process and display applications, such as Thin Film Transistors (TFT), require cutting a glass to a certain shape, dimensions and with a certain edge finish. For example, it is an industry standard to finish the display glass sheet with a bullnose edge before sending it to a customer. This is preferred due to reliability reasons, as a glass edge without such finish often breaks during transport. The methods described herein enable cutting and finishing display glass sheets with an edge profile, chamfer, which also provides high reliability during transport, but does not require costly mechanical grinding and polishing processes. At most, such an edge may require only a fine touch polish to achieve high reliability industry standards.

Finally, the methods described herein are capable of completely separating/cutting TFT glass compositions of various thicknesses from 0.025 mm or thinner to several mm thick glass sheets, or stack of glass sheets produced by the fusion process. A workpiece such a TFT glass composition can have a thickness in a range of between about 0.01 mm and 5 mm, for example. Laser beam focal lines generated by the apparatus described in FIGS. 2-6, for example, can have lengths in a range covering the range of thicknesses of workpieces to form defect lines extending through the entire workpiece thicknesses as necessary.

The present application provides the following benefits that may translate to enhanced laser processing capabilities and cost savings and thus lower cost manufacturing. In the current embodiment, the cutting process offers:

Full separation of parts being cut with reduced laser power: The disclosed embodiments are capable of completely separating/cutting TFT glass compositions of various thicknesses from 0.025 mm or thinner to several mm thick glass sheets or stack of glass sheets such as produced by the fusion process.

Reduced subsurface defects: Due to the ultra-short pulse interaction between laser and material, there is little thermal interaction and thus a minimal heat affected zone that can result in undesirable stress and micro-cracking. In addition, the optics that condenses or focuses the laser beam into the glass creates defect lines that are typically 2-5 microns in diameter on the surface of the part. After separation, the subsurface defects are less than 100 microns, for example <75 microns, <50 microns, <30 microns, or even 20 microns or lower. This has great impact on the edge strength of the part, as strength is governed by the number of defects, and their statistical distribution in terms of size and depth. The higher these numbers are, the weaker the edges of the part will be. The process enabled by the embodiments disclosed hereby provided subsurface damage of as-cut edge of 20 microns or lower.

Subsurface damage, or the small microcracks and material modification caused by any cutting process and which are oriented roughly perpendicular to a cut surface, is a concern for the edge strength of glass or other brittle materials. The depth of subsurface damage can be measured by using a confocal microscope to look at the cut surface, the microscope having an optical resolution of a few nm. Surface reflections are ignored, while cracks are sought out down in the material, the cracks showing up as bright lines. The microscope is then focused into the material until there are no more “sparks”-i.e., no more scattering features observed, collecting images at regular intervals. The images are then manually processed by looking for cracks and tracing them through the depth of the glass to get a maximum depth (typically measured in microns) of subsurface damage. There are typically many thousands of microcracks, so typically only the largest microcracks are measured. This process is typically repeated on about 5 locations of a cut edge. Although the microcracks are roughly perpendicular to the cut surface, any cracks that are directly perpendicular to the cut surface may not be detected by this method.

Process cleanliness: The methods described herein permit separation and/or cutting TFT glass compositions such as Eagle XG®, Corning Lotus™ and others in a clean and controlled fashion. It is very challenging to use conventional ablative or thermal laser processes because they tend to trigger heat affected zones that induce micro-cracks and fragmentation of the substrate into several smaller pieces. The characteristics of the laser pulses and the induced interactions with the material of the disclosed method avoid all of these issues because they occur in a very short time scale and the transparency of the substrate material to the laser radiation minimizes induced thermal effects. Since the defect line is created within the substrate, the presence of debris and particulate matter during the cutting step is virtually eliminated. If there are any particulates resulting from the created defect line, they are well contained until the part is separated. Particles on surfaces cut and separated by the laser-based methods described herein can have an average diameter less than about 3 microns.

Cutting Complex Profiles and Shapes in Different Sizes

The present laser processing method allows for cutting/separation of glass, sapphire, and other substrates and glass workpieces following many forms and shapes, which is a limitation in other competing technologies. Tight radii may be cut (e.g., <2 mm) in TFT glass compositions, allowing curved edges, allowing curved edges, and also allowing creation of small holes and slots (such as required for speakers/microphone in a cell phone application) e.g., less than about 5 mm with the present method. Also, since the defect lines strongly control the location of any crack propagation, this method gives great control to the spatial location of a cut, and allows for cutting and separation of structures and features as small as a few hundred microns.

Elimination of Process Steps

The process to fabricate glass plates from the incoming glass panel to the final size and shape involves several steps that encompass cutting the panel, cutting to size, finishing and edge shaping, thinning the parts down to their target thickness, and polishing TFT glass compositions. Elimination of any of these steps will improve manufacturing cost in terms of process time and capital expense. The presented methods may reduce the number of steps by, for example:

Reduced debris and edge defects generation—potential elimination of washing and drying stations.

Cutting the sample directly to its final size, shape and thickness—eliminating need for finishing lines.

Cutting glass directly on the draw—eliminating the need for finishing lines.

The relevant teachings of all patents, published applications and references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

While exemplary embodiments have been disclosed herein, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of laser cutting a continuous ribbon of glass drawn from a draw tower, the method comprising: drawing the continuous ribbon of glass from the draw tower; and laser cutting the continuous ribbon of glass drawn from the draw tower by forming a series of defect lines along a laser cut line, wherein: each defect line of the series of defect lines extends through an entire thickness of the continuous ribbon of glass, and each defect line of the series of defect lines is formed by focusing a pulsed laser beam into a laser beam focal line oriented along a beam propagation direction and directed into the continuous ribbon of glass, the laser beam focal line generating an induced absorption within a material of the continuous ribbon of glass such that the induced absorption produces the defect line along the laser beam focal line within the continuous ribbon of glass.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a glass sheet is separated from the continuous ribbon of glass along the laser cut line.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each defect line of the series of defect lines is formed by translating the pulsed laser beam relative to the continuous ribbon of glass along the laser cut line.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the series of defect lines extends across an entire width of the continuous ribbon of glass from the draw tower.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the series of defect lines extends along the laser cut line adjacent a bead of the continuous ribbon of glass drawn from the draw tower.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the bead is separated from the continuous ribbon of glass along the laser cut line.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pulsed laser beam comprises pulse bursts with at least 2 pulses per pulse burst.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the pulsed laser beam has a laser power of 10 W-150 W and produces pulse bursts with at least 2 pulses per pulse burst.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the pulsed laser beam has laser power of 10 W-100 W and produces pulse bursts with at least 2-25 pulses per pulse burst.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the pulsed laser beam has laser power of 25 W-60 W, and produces pulse bursts with at least 2-25 pulses per burst and a periodicity between each defect line in the series of defect lines is 2-10 microns.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein (i) the pulsed laser beam has laser power of 10 W-100 W, and (ii) the continuous ribbon of glass and the pulsed laser beam are translated relative to one another at a rate of at least 0.25 m/sec.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein (i) the pulsed laser beam has laser power of 10 W-100 W; and (ii) the continuous ribbon of glass and the pulsed laser beam are translated relative to one another at a rate of at least 0.4 m/sec.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the periodicity is from about 0.5 micron to about 3 microns.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein a periodicity between each defect line in the series of defect lines is from about 0.1 microns to about 20 microns.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the periodicity is from about 0.5 micron to about 3 microns.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the periodicity is from about 2 micron to about 20 microns.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the continuous ribbon of glass comprises a laminated sheet comprising multiple layers.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein each of the multiple layers comprises a different material property.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the draw tower is a double-isopipe draw tower comprising two or more isopipes, each of the two or more isopipes provides glass for a different layer of the laminated sheet.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein a pulse duration is in a range of between greater than about 1 picosecond and less than about 100 picoseconds.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the pulse duration is in a range of greater than about 5 picoseconds to less than about 20 picoseconds.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein a burst repetition rate of the pulsed laser beam is in a range of about 1 kHz to about 4 MHz.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the burst repetition rate is in the range of about 10 kHz to about 650 kHz.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein each pulse of the pulsed laser beam has an average laser burst energy measured at the continuous ribbon of glass greater than 40 microJoules per mm thickness of the continuous ribbon of glass.
 25. The method of claim 1, wherein pulses of the pulsed laser beam are produced in bursts of at least two pulses separated by a duration in a range of about 1 nsec to about 50 nsec, and wherein a burst repetition rate of the pulsed laser beam is in a range of about 1 kHz to about 650 kHz.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the pulses produced in bursts are separated by a duration of about 20 nsec.
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the pulsed laser beam has a wavelength selected such that the continuous ribbon of glass is substantially transparent at the wavelength.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser beam focal line has a length in a range of about 0.01 mm to about 100 mm.
 29. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser beam focal line has a length in a range of about 0.1 mm to about 10 mm.
 30. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser beam focal line has a length in a range of about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm.
 31. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser beam focal line has an average spot diameter in a range of about 0.1 micron to about 5 microns.
 32. The method of claim 1, wherein the induced absorption produces subsurface damage up to a depth less than or equal to about 100 microns within the continuous ribbon of glass.
 33. The method of claim 1, wherein laser cutting through the entire thickness of the continuous ribbon of glass along the laser cut line facilitates separation of the continuous ribbon of glass along a surface defined by the laser cut line to form a separated surface, and wherein the induced absorption produces an Ra surface roughness of the laser cut line and the separated surface of less than or equal to about 0.5 micron.
 34. The method of claim 1, wherein laser cutting through the entire thickness of the continuous ribbon of glass along the laser cut line facilitates separation of the continuous ribbon of glass along a surface defined by the laser cut line to form a separated surface, and wherein the induced absorption produces particles on the separated surface with an average diameter of less than 3 microns.
 35. The method of claim 1, wherein the continuous ribbon of glass has a thickness in a range of about 0.01 mm to about 5 mm.
 36. The method of claim 1, wherein the continuous ribbon of glass and the pulsed laser beam are translated relative to each other at a speed in a range of about 1 mm/sec to about 3400 mm/sec.
 37. The method of claim 1, wherein the continuous ribbon of glass comprises an alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate glass composite.
 38. The method of claim 1, wherein laser cutting is performed with the continuous ribbon of glass at a temperature around an annealing temperature of the continuous ribbon of glass.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the continuous ribbon of glass comprises at least two layers having at least two different respective annealing temperatures, and wherein laser cutting is performed with the continuous ribbon of glass at a temperature between the at least two different respective annealing temperatures.
 40. The method of claim 38, wherein the continuous ribbon of glass comprises at least two layers, and wherein laser cutting is performed with the continuous ribbon of glass above the annealing temperature of the continuous ribbon of glass.
 41. The method of claim 1, further comprising separating a glass sheet from the continuous ribbon of glass along the laser cut line and applying a heat source to the glass sheet separated from the continuous ribbon of glass at the laser cut line to smooth or round the glass sheet.
 42. The method of claim 1, further comprising separating a glass sheet from the continuous ribbon of glass along the laser cut line, followed by cooling the glass sheet to a temperature below a strain point of the glass sheet with a controlled temperature profile.
 43. The method of claim 1, wherein laser cutting is performed at or near a top of the continuous ribbon of glass drawn from the draw tower.
 44. The method of claim 1, wherein laser cutting is performed at or near a bottom of the continuous ribbon of glass drawn from the draw tower.
 45. The method of claim 1, wherein the pulsed laser beam is produced in a pulse burst of two or more individual pulses that decays in intensity over a time of the pulse burst such that a first pulse of the pulse burst of two or more individual pulses has a greater intensity than a second subsequent pulse of the pulse burst of two or more individual pulses.
 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the pulse burst exponentially decays in intensity over the time of the pulse burst.
 47. A glass article prepared by a method of laser cutting a continuous ribbon of glass drawn from a draw tower, the method comprising: drawing the continuous ribbon of glass from the draw tower; and laser cutting the continuous ribbon of glass drawn from the draw tower by forming a series of defect lines along a laser cut line, wherein: each defect line of the series of defect lines extends through an entire thickness of the continuous ribbon of glass, and each defect line of the series of defect lines is formed by focusing a pulsed laser beam into a laser beam focal line oriented along a beam propagation direction and directed into the continuous ribbon of glass, the laser beam focal line generating an induced absorption within a material of the continuous ribbon of glass such that the induced absorption produces the defect line along the laser beam focal line within the continuous ribbon of glass.
 48. A glass article comprising alkaline earth boro-aluminosilicate glass composite including at least one edge having a plurality of defect lines extending at least 250 microns, and each defect line of the plurality of defect lines have a diameter less than or equal to about 5 microns.
 49. The glass article of claim 48, wherein a spacing of each adjacent defect line of the plurality of defect lines is from 0.1 micron to 20 microns.
 50. The glass article of claim 48, wherein the at least one edge is a separated edge has an Ra surface roughness of less than or equal to about 0.5 micron.
 51. The glass article of claim 48, wherein the at least one edge has subsurface damage up to a depth less than or equal to about 100 microns.
 52. The glass article of claim 48, wherein a distance between each adjacent defect line of the plurality of defect lines is less than or equal to about 20 microns.
 53. The glass article of claim 48, further comprising a thickness of about 10 microns to about 5 mm.
 54. The glass article of claim 48, wherein each adjacent defect line of the plurality of defect lines extends a full thickness of the at least one edge.
 55. The glass article of claim 48, wherein the at least one edge has subsurface damage up to a depth less than or equal to about 75 microns. 